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A. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF RELIGION AND
ISLAMIC CULTURE in the Arabian Peninsula
Arabs Before Islam
1.Keadaan Nature and People
South Arabia
South Arabian region, rainfall is quite a lot of the people living with farming, so that a high enough level of civilization. In addition, its location is very strategic in world trade (between India and Egypt). In an area completely covering the Kingdom of the Kingdom of the Kingdom of Saba. Kingdom of Saba Region covers an area of Yemen today. Saba nation has a good irrigation system. Evidenced by the existence of the famous dam Ma'rib. Kingdom of Saba many areas established colonies in Africa (Red Sea Coast). Famous colonial regions include Abessyara (Habashat). Saba kingdom collapsed in 575 BC when subjugated by Iran.
Middle Arabic
Most of the area is desert. Residents live in groups and so-called tribal Badawi. They live off the farms and plundering caravans passing through the area. They are pemberanai who loves to fight and would not submit to anyone.
Called the Arab Middle west region there is a common route used by caravans bringing goods from Asia were taken to syaria forwarded to the European (Roman).
North Arabian
North Arabian border areas that have been developed such as the Roman and Iran. This area is also the highway lane-Roman Egypt-Iran meeting in the Palestine area is an area that became the center of civilization since time immemorial. Arabs residing in that area has a lot of influence of foreign civilization. Many of those who are Jewish convert to Christianity or even those who never had their own kingdom with its capital named kereja Nabataean Petra (+ 200 BC-105 AD) and after that the kingdom of Palmyra (+ 250-273 AD).
Then came the Kingdom of Ghassan (in syrra) who sided with the Romans and the Kingdom of Hira (in Iraq)
who sided with Iran, the Arab kingdom was drowned when Islam began to move out of Arabia.
2. Good Social Life
Arab pre-Islamic period known as the era Jahiliya. At this time the nation does not have a clean government, because they only order of life governed by habits inherited by their ancestors. They live on the move to seek a more decent livelihood. It is also influenced by the environment that bergurun Arab lands and mountainous sand.
Those who are courageous in defending the conviction that if they need to fight to the death in defending Arab personality.
3. Mores
The Arabs in the days before Islam has a tradition filled with superstition. They also have moral deemed inappropriate such as gambling, drinking, and dissipate. Even they do theft and robbery on the other tribes, if caught it at odds and often end intertribal warfare in the Arab nation.
There are also Arab tribes in the ordinary conduct act of cruelty is to bury his daughter alive. According to belief, girls deemed useless and people feel humiliated if his master had a daughter.
4. The Arabs Before Islam Beliefs
The origins of Arab nations worship idols is when the Kaaba is in power Jurhum. There are forces that dipimpn by Amir bin Luhay came to Mecca and beat Amir bin Luhay Jurhum then put a big idol called Hubal side of the Kaaba and ordered the inhabitants of Hijaz for idol worship. Since then, the Arabs worshiped idols until the ruling Quraysh tribe back in Higas.
In addition to the pagan Arabs also worshiped the beast, jinn and ghost / devil. When they bind to expect rain on the grass goats and continue burning. Once familiar with Judaism and Christianity there are also some of the Arab nations that embrace both religion.
After the Arab Islamic
Politically, the religion of Islam was to unite all the Arab tribes which formerly divided and managed to make the Arab nation into a strong nation and a high degree, to become a nation of brilliant bright.
Islam first religion under the Prophet Muhammad. He was born on April 20, 571 M as a descendant of the tribe of Quraish. In the year 611 AD he began preaching the religion of Islam to the Arab nation in the mecca. It turned out that the spread of Islam was first opposed by the people of Mecca, especially by the people of Quraish led by Abu Sofyan. Then, on 12 Robiul Beginning in 622 AD the Prophet Muhammad Hijrah from Mecca to Medina.
Prophet Muhammad died on April 8, 632 AD in Medina. Then he was replaced by the leadership Khafilah. Four of the first Caliph called Khafilah ur Rasyidin namely Abu Bakar Siddik, Umar bin Khattab, Usman bin Affan and Ali ibn Abu Talib.
During pemerintahana Khafilah Usman for the first time schism among Muslims that is between the family Khafilah Usman (Ummayah) khafilah family of Ali (Hashim), which resulted in timbunya Caliph-like Ummayah caliphate, Abbasid, Fatima.
Mecca Islamic Development Period
At first only the growing religion in the city of Mecca and its surroundings. However, initially only accepted religion by circles that like the poor, working women and the slaves. Since the spread of Islamic religion conducted in an open, emerging resistance reaction against the spread of Islam such as torture, the threat of safety against the followers of Islam. So in the year 615 the Prophet Muhammad to evacuate his followers to Habsyah, then became Abbesinia (now Ethiopia).
Causes of the resistance against the Islamic religion is not solely because of religious issues which are considered contrary to the original trust people, but because of political factors, namely concern about the possibility of family control of Mecca Abu Muttalib, the economic factor that is decreasing the income of the sculptor and social factors, because the nobles or the king did not agree in rank is equated with ordinary people.
Madinah Islamic Development Period
The occurrence of resistance against the spread of Islam from Mecca, led the Prophet Muhammad migrated from Mecca to Medina. Tetpi before hijrah done, there has been a very important event, namely the events of Isra 'and Mi `raj on 27 Rajab in 621 AD
The situation in Medina is very much different in Mecca, when in Mecca, the Prophet of Islam despised and get resistance, so it is impossible to develop while in Medina the Prophet Muhammad was greeted with joy, because the arrival of the Prophet had long expected.
In Madinah Islamic religious development is quite rapid and more and more adherents. Therefore, since the Prophet Muhammad lived in Medina, the Medina community into 4 groups, namely:
1. The immigrants, made up of the people of Mecca who participate do
migrated with the Prophet
2. The Asr, composed of people who helped the Prophet Muhammad's Medina
SAW
3. The Munafiqin, consisting of those who only follow the Islamic religion
to seek advantage mere outward
4. The Jews, terdiridari class followers who know the teachings of Prophet Moses
Islam, but not willing to believe the Prophet Muhammad as a prophet or apostle.
After several years of Prophet Muhammad settled in Medina, finally dropped the command of jihad, ie war. This war against Mecca and shown to retain the Kaaba. Fierce fighting occurred in the desert of Badr and Uhud (630 years). ka'ba successfully controlled by the people of Islam and Mecca akhinya residents within approximately two years most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam. Jews and Christians who acknowledge the sovereignty of the Islamic religion remain religion, and protected their property and their souls.
The victory of the Muslims to bring the Arabs toward unity since the nation had long lived in mutual discord and hostile. Prophet Muhammad SAW succeed fully in carrying out its duties and obligations as an apostle and leader of the country. But the Prophet Muhammad can not get an Islamic heyday, because after establishing a solid basis, on 12 Rabi al-Awwal in 632 AD he died and was buried in Medina.
Kekhafilahan
After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, came the Caliph. They replace the functions of office of Prophet Muhammad as head of state, judges and warlords. Position caliphs continued until 1923 AD and it was only after Mustafa Kemal Pasha became head of state abolished the Caliphate system. Muhammad V was the last Caliph.
Caliphs who once ruled them:
Caliph Abu Bakr
There are several important actions undertaken by the Caliph Abu Bakr
(632-634 AD), including:
• Restoring the Arab tribes who converts to Islam.
• Eradicate the false prophets, such as Tulaiha, Musilama etc.
• The beginning of the collection of sheets of papers Qur'an
• Forecasting the expansion of Islam outside the Arabian Peninsula
Caliph Umar Bin Khattab
There are several important measures of khafilah Umar (634-644 AD)
including:
• Year of Hijrah Islamic used as the beginning of the year 622 AD the same
with 1 year Hijrah
• Areas of Islam extended to India and the border area of Tripoli (North Africa). Territorial expansion into Asia Minor and Persia made by Khalid bin Al Walid was to North Africa dipimp Amir ibn al-As
• Due to the expansion of the region, Islam got political power in areas that had always had a high culture. Then came a combination of religion with the local culture, which has been exposed to the influence of Greek culture.
Caliph Uthman ibn Affan
Services of Caliph Uthman (644-656 AD) during his reign is officially the posting of the Holy Koran. This work was handed over to Zaid bin Thabit and composition of the Qur'an was until now has not changed
Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib
After the end of disagreements within the Islamic body then Ali, the daughter of the Prophet, occupy the position of the Caliphate (656-661 AD). However, the family did not approve Ummayah Ali as caliph and they nominate Mu'awaiyah (governor of Syria) as a caliph. Eventually civil war unavoidable. In the battle of Siffin (657 M) forces Mu'awiyah nearly indestructible. But Mu'awiyah use deception and excuses to prevent conflict, the Agency proposed to set up a caliphate. Court Agency determines that the conditions was the win, the decision was not satisfactory, Ali, so that clashes continue. In 661 Ali was murdered, thus began the family Caliphate Ummayah
Caliphate Ummayah
After the position occupied by the family Ummayah caliph (661-750 AD). Center for Islam moved out of state power Arabian Peninsula, namely to Syria (Damascus)
At this time, the basics of Arab democracy disappeared, because of the position held by hereditary caliphs. Living caliphate similar to live the king with absolute power.
Regional powers Islamic countries during this period covers a vast territory. To the west to the east of Spain and to the stricken area of Pakistan and Southeast Asia. Expansion of this region carried out by:
• Moses led the Islamic army stormed towards the west along the north African region samapai Morocco. This trip followed by Pull and successfully occupied the Iberian peninsula and ruled Spain (712 AD)
• Muhammad Kasim succeeded in occupying the river valley area Shindu (721 M)
Maslama led the Islamic army attacked konstatinopel but traps can attack repulsed. Just there in 1453 AD konstatinopel can be mastered.
In the year 750 AD, there was a power struggle against Ummayah families conducted by the Abbasid faction in power struggles, almost all families Ummayah destroyed. Only a successful meloloskandiri, yait Abdur Rachman.
Abbasid Caliphate
At this time the center of the Caliphate dipinahkan from Damascus to Baghdad. Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 AD) progress very rapidly and in the reign of Harun al-Rashid (786-809 AD) a glorious peak. This is not free from:
• Baghdad is a transit port and its commerce thriving
• The books of philosophy and science both from Greece and of Persia
diterjemahan into the language and the Arabic alphabet
• Harun Al Rashid held a friendship with Charlemagne (France).
This event takes place on the political situation as follows:
Baghdad fighting hostile to Byzantium in Asia Minor Baghdad hostile to the emirates of Cordoba in getting the area north African coast and also because it did not want to acknowledge the Caliphate of Cordoba Baghdad
French hostile to Cordoba in the fight area
Northern Spain, is also hostile to Byzantium because of regional Italy.
In the subsequent seizure of the Caliphate into decline. This
caused by:
• The occurrence of seizing the position of caliph sediri family, so that in the palace there are groups opposing
• Conflicts that result in a weak central government, so that
the many areas that gained independence
Caliphate of Cordoba
Abdur Rachman, the only descendant of the Caliphate Ummayah who escaped the attack group established Abbasid Caliphate of Cordoba in Spain. He still calls himself Amir and refused to acknowledge the Caliphate of Baghdad. Popular during the reign of Abdur Rachman III, Cordoba declared himself caliph and his position in balance with the Caliphate of Baghdad (929 AD).
At the time of the Caliphate of Cordoba science and culture flourished. Mosques built many palaces and libraries established building experts, physicians, authors, experts thought, an expert clothes and social experts numerous in Cordoba.
Progress in the field of culture that encourages people to Europe to study in spain. Culture from the east which has a high and also the cultural heritage of Ancient Roman danYunani have meals from Western Europe, found again through Islam in spain
Region of Islamic rule on the subsequent development of increasingly narrow. However, Islamic thoughts increasingly widespread. If at first maintain and expand the influence of Islam with the sword, but the next time the Islamic expansion by way of peace is through trade. Through this trade Islam entered the region of Indonesia.
B. PROCESS OF RELIGION AND SIGN and development
ISLAMIC CULTURE IN INDONESIA
The entry of Islam into Indonesia Theory
Religion and Islamic culture has developed quite rapidly in parts of Indonesia. This development originated from the Indonesian community residing in the coastal areas of this coastal region, religion and Islamic culture developed into the countryside by the scholars. Development in rural areas is addressed to kelangan istanan, the king, the royal family and nobles. If the king and the nobility had converted to Islam, then people are very submissive and obedient to the commandments of the king.
1. Evidence Islam entry into Indonesia
Based on the evidence found in Indonesia, experts interpret that religion and culture of Islam into Indonesia is estimated at approximately the 7th century AD, ie during the reign of the kingdom of Srivijaya. Interpretation of the experts is reinforced with news of the day there have been Arab traders who conduct trading activities in the Kingdom Sriwjaya, they even have a temporary residence center township Srivijaya kingdom.
Another opinion proves that religion and Islamic culture into Indonesian territory taken by Muslim traders from Gujarat (India). It is seen from the discovery of the Islamic elements in Indonesia which has similarities with India like tombstones are made by people kambay, Gujarat.
Based on this evidence the experts made a conclusion that religion and Islamic culture has entered Indonesia in the 7th century AD brought traders from Arabia. Persia and India (Gujarat) and grown significantly around the 13th century AD
2.Sumber-smber News influx of Islamic Religion and Culture in Indonesia
Log in and growing influence of religion and Islamic culture in Indonesia is strengthened by several news sources of history, both originating from overseas and domestic news sources including the following:
Arab News
This information is known by its Arabic padagang who have committed activities in the field of trade with the nation of Indonesia during the development of the Kingdom of Srivijaya (7th century AD) as the Kingdom of maritime lines of service that controls the trade in western Indonesia region including the Strait of Malacca. Activities of Arab traders in the kingdom of Srivijaya as evidenced by the Arab traders to the kingdom of Srivijaya, which Zabag, Zabay or Sribusa.
European News
This news comes from Marcopolo, he was the Europeans who first set foot on Indonesian territory, when he returned from China to Europe via the sea. He got the assignment from the emperor of China to deliver his daughter, who is dedicated to the Roman emperor. On his way he stopped in northern Sumatra. In this area he had discovered the existence of the Islamic Empire, the Kingdom of the ocean with its capital Pasai.
India News
In this news mentioned that the Indian merchants from Gujarat has a very important role in the spread of religion and Islamic culture in Indonesia, especially to people who are located in the coastal areas.
Chinese News
This news had known through the records of Ma-Huan, a writer who followed the journey of Admiral Cheng-ho he declared through his writings that since roughly 1400 there has been Muslim merchants who reside north coast of Java Island.
Sources from the State, these sources is strengthened by
inventions such as:
• The discovery of a stone in Leran (near Gresik). Stone bersirat that uses letters and Arabic. The rock contains information about the death of a woman named Fatima bint Ma'mun (1028).
• Malikul Saleh Sultan Mausoleum in North Sumatra who died in the month
Ramadan in 676 AD or the year 1297 AD
• Tomb of Maulana Malik Ibrahim Sheikh in Gresik, who died in 1419. Noose
imported from Gujarat and the tomb containing the Arabic script.
The spread of Islam Channel
Trade
Since the 7th century AD Muslim traders from Arabia, Persia and India have taken part in trading activities in Indonesia. In addition berdagangan, Islamic traders can convey and teach religion and Islamic culture to other people including the people of Indonesia.
Marriage
The Muslim traders who conduct trading activities in a long time. This situation can strengthen their relationship with the indigenous population or with the native nobility. A good rapport was sometimes forwarded by the marriage between the daughter of the aborigines with Islamic traders.
Politics
Influence of power of a king a big role in the process of Islamization. When a king converted to Islam then people will also follow the trail king.
After tersosialisasinya religion of Islam, the political interests through the expansion of empire, which followed also by the spread of Islam. For example, the Sultan of Demak to send troops to occupy the region of West Java and memerintahkanuntuk spread the religion of Islam. The army was led by Fatahillah
Education
The scholars, teachers, or the Kyai also plays an
penyebarkan important in religion and Islamic culture. Meraka spread the religion of Islam through education, by establishing lodges
pesantren.
Art
Channels art can be performed with gamelan performing arts as happened in Yogyakarta, Solo, Cirebon, and others. Art gamelan can invite people to come together and subsequently carried out in their mission-religious propaganda. In addition there are also art gamelan puppet art. Through the stories of the scholars insert a puppet that religious teachings of Islam. For example: Sunan Kalijaga puppet art tapped for the process of Islamization.
Mysticism
Experts tasawwuf live in simplicity, they are always trying to live the life of society and live together in the midst of society. Tasawwuf Experts usually have expertise that can help people's lives, including expert in curing the disease. The spread of Islamic religion which they do according to the conditions, in mind, and culture of society at that time, so that Islamic teachings can be readily accepted by society. Examples of specialists include Hamzah Fansuri tasawwuf in Aceh and Sunan Stage in Java.
Through various channels above, Islam is accepted and rapidly growing dapt
since around the 13th century AD The reason is as follows.
• Islam is open.
• The spread of Islam is peaceful.
• Islam does not distinguish one's position in society.
• Ceremonies in Islam is very simple.
• The teachings of Islam seeks to create a welfare society
with the obligation of zakah to those who own property.
Wali Songo
The guardians instrumental in spreading the religion and Islamic culture in Indonesia known as the Wali Songo. Five people carers living in East Java, three in Central Java and one in West Java. The guardians were the following:
1. Maulana Malik Ibrahim, who reportedly came from Persia and then
located in Gresik.
2. Sunan Ngampel which was originally named Raden Rachmat domiciled in Ngampel
(Ampel), near Surabaya.
3. Sunan Drajat which was originally named Still Munat also the son of Raden Rachmat
located in close Drajat Sedayu (Surabaya).
4. Sunan Bonang which was originally named Makdum Ibrahim, son of Raden Rachmat
and domiciled in Bonang, near Tuban.
5. Sunan Giri originally named Raden Paku, students sunan Ngampel
Giri hill is located in Gresik.
6. Sunan Muria, located on Mount Moriah in the Holy.
7. Holy Sunan originally named Udung based in Kudus.
8. Sunan Kalijaga which was originally named Joko Said domiciled in Kadilanyu
near Demak.
9. Sunan Gunung Jati who originally named Fatahillah or Faletehan derived from Pasai Ocean. He can seize the Sunda Kelapa, Banten and then settled in Mount Teak near Cirebon.
In addition there is also the guardian songo sheikh Sheikh Siti Jenah or Weak Abang. Due to teach science tasawwuf, which has not been right at that moment, he was sentenced fuel and not be deemed to include into the guardian songo.
We also know Islam or Sufi thinkers such as Hamzah Fansuri, Naruddin Ar-Raniri. They are a prolific thinker and writer in the early period of development of Islam.
Other spreaders of Islam in Central Java is Tembayat or Sunan Sunan Bayat. He is based in Klaten, he spread the religion of Islam through education in boarding school.
C. Acculturation REALIZATION OF CULTURE WITH INDONESIA
ISLAMIC CULTURE
Art building
1. Mosque
In light of the architecture, the mosques are located in Indonesia, especially in the ancient mosques mosques in other countries. The characteristic to be in the days of Islam in Indonesia is as follows:
a.Atap
The roof is not a dome, but a roof overlap, ie a composite roof, getting smaller and older. Top level form the pyramid. The number of overlap is always odd (odd), usually 3 but there are others such as the mosque of Banten.
At the mosque, mosque, the roof has a life of its own that is like a pyramid but does not compound but sharp at its peak. Forms of this kind often seen in the reliefs in East Java. Decoration found on the top roof of the mosque and the mosque is called mustaka (usually made from roasted ground or other objects)
b. Tower
Although not part of the mosque tower that must exist, but in Islamic architecture is always a part that gives additional beauty. Tower on da holy mosque mosque shape is quite unique offerings. Holy minarets is an east Javanese temples that have been modified and adapted its use and given the overlapping roof, the minarets are additional offerings are operated by a Dutch fugitive named Cardeel. Actual shape of this tower could be higher as the lighthouse buildings located in Europe.
c. Location mosque
In general, the mosque set up adjacent to the palace when the north and south of the palace there is usually a field, which dijawa called the square, the mosque was set on the western edge of the square.
Mosques are often also found in sacred places, where the tomb
a king, guardian or a renowned religious scholars.
Mosques that are:
• Great Mosque Cirebon two-story and built in the early century
to 16 M
• katangka Mosque in South Sulawesi from the 17th century AD
• Mosques located in Jakarta, such as mosques Angke, Tambora Marunda
• Great Mosque of Demak which stands the 16th century AD
• Baiturahmah Mosque built during the Sultan Iskandar
• Ternate mosque
• Madjid Jepara
• Madjid Agung Banten was built in the 16th century AD
2. Tomb
The tomb as a place of residence of the last and lasting well into the housing arranged to suit people who adde there. The funeral of the king looks like a palace, as if the grave is equated with a person while still alive. Eating was also a cluster-sepulcher sepulcher cupola and grouped according to family relationships.
Tomb of the oldest in Indonesia is grave fatimah Maimun bint had known by the name of the daughter Suwari in Leran (1982 AD), and his tomb would be given the cupola. This tomb-like temple. This proves bahaw in the 11th century AD society still bound in the form of temples.
The ancient tombs are:
• Cemetery and Spring Duwur Gate located on the hill in Tuban area
• Dome eat Princess Suwari in Flax (Gresik)
• Graveyard Malikul Saleh in the Indian Pasai
• Tomb of Maulana Malik Sheikh Ibrahin in Gresik
• Tower of the Holy Mosque, the shape is similar to that found in the Javanese temple
East
• Tomb of use found in Madura Ghunongan
Script and fine arts
Script writer-characters (the letters) Arabic in Indonesia, usually combined with Javanese art owned by the Indonesian nation. Arabic letters are written with a very beautiful it is called the art of calligraphy (the art of Kath and Kholt).
As well as the types of other Islamic art, Arabic calligraphy art developments in Indonesia is not so rapid, especially compared with other countries. This is caused by any of the following:
• The use of Arabic calligraphy as a decorative art in Indonesia is still very limited
• ancient buildings at the beginning of the establishment of Islamic kingdom less
provide opportunities for application of calligraphic art
• Buildings of ancient mosques as mosques Banten, Cirebon, Demak and the Holy
less attention to the use of Arabic Calligraphy Art
Calligraphy Art comes with conditions that are less profitable, but it can be said to exist perkebangan, because the art of calligraphy is needed for various purposes such as:
• To decorate the mosque buildings
• For decorative motif batik
• For decoration on ceramics
• For decoration on kris
• For decoration on a tombstone and
• To decorate the walls of the house
Until now the art of calligraphy developed in Indonesia, especially in
sculpture. Calligraphy sculpture was developed by people from Jepara.
Literary Arts
Early development of Indonesian literary arts in the Islamic era revolves
around the Straits of Malacca (Malay region) and in Java.
Compared art Hindu era literature, the results of the Islamic era of literary art is not too much to come down to us. This is due to local literary arts have not been able as a place to store. Capture, carry and forward the results of works of literature written by the Islamic era to us.
Art literature of Islamic era that flourished in Indonesia is largely influenced by the Persians, like the stories of Amir Hamzah, Bayan Budiman, 1001 Nights (alf laila lailawa).
In the Islamic era of literary arts in the area known lyric malay Ken Tambunan, Lelakon Mahesa Kumitir, Panji Sumirang Poems, Stories Puppet Kinundang, Hidayat Panji Kuda Sumirang, Hidayat Cekel Waneng Pati, Hidayat Panji Wilakusuma.
In addition to the art of literature mentioned above, there are also books of mysticism. The books of mysticism. These books are patterned magical and contains predictions and Determination good days and bad, and The award-The award of the meaning of an event.
Some examples from the book of mysticism are as follows:
• Suluk Sukarsa: it was to tell someone (Ki Sukarsa) seeking
science to perfection mendapatkank
• Suluk Wujil: it was discourse-discourse to Wujil Sunan Bonang (Wujil
is a dwarf former servant of King Majapaihit)
• Malang Suluk Sumirang: it glorifies people who have achieved
perfection and union with God
Government System
Pasai Ocean Isla Kingdom as the first, estimated to stand at the 13th century AD This Kingdom is the first work that embraces the Islamic character of systematic governance.
In subsequent developments in other areas in Indonesia began to appear patterned Islamic system of government, including coastal areas. This development grew rapidly last night after the collapse of the Majapahit Empire and the establishment of the Kingdom of Demak with its first king Raden Patah.
Therefore, in the 16th century AD almost throughout the territory of Indonesia
there are administrative centers Islamdengan king title of Sultan.
Philosophy and Islamic Teachings
In his journey, Islam as a religion has a lot of progress in the realm of thought which is essentially to compensate for the development of community mental supporters. In the 18th century made up the basics of science of fiqh is the science that describes all kinds of regulation and the science that describes all kinds of regulations and laws in order to establish the Islamic community obligations towards God and towards our fellow human beings. In the 10th century AD was born the basics of Sciences Pen, which contains the determination of all born the 11th century foundations of Sufism, which give way to a man to draw closer to God based on love with him. The three science that is the basic philosophy and grip the Islamic ummah.
ISLAMIC CULTURE in the Arabian Peninsula
Arabs Before Islam
1.Keadaan Nature and People
South Arabia
South Arabian region, rainfall is quite a lot of the people living with farming, so that a high enough level of civilization. In addition, its location is very strategic in world trade (between India and Egypt). In an area completely covering the Kingdom of the Kingdom of the Kingdom of Saba. Kingdom of Saba Region covers an area of Yemen today. Saba nation has a good irrigation system. Evidenced by the existence of the famous dam Ma'rib. Kingdom of Saba many areas established colonies in Africa (Red Sea Coast). Famous colonial regions include Abessyara (Habashat). Saba kingdom collapsed in 575 BC when subjugated by Iran.
Middle Arabic
Most of the area is desert. Residents live in groups and so-called tribal Badawi. They live off the farms and plundering caravans passing through the area. They are pemberanai who loves to fight and would not submit to anyone.
Called the Arab Middle west region there is a common route used by caravans bringing goods from Asia were taken to syaria forwarded to the European (Roman).
North Arabian
North Arabian border areas that have been developed such as the Roman and Iran. This area is also the highway lane-Roman Egypt-Iran meeting in the Palestine area is an area that became the center of civilization since time immemorial. Arabs residing in that area has a lot of influence of foreign civilization. Many of those who are Jewish convert to Christianity or even those who never had their own kingdom with its capital named kereja Nabataean Petra (+ 200 BC-105 AD) and after that the kingdom of Palmyra (+ 250-273 AD).
Then came the Kingdom of Ghassan (in syrra) who sided with the Romans and the Kingdom of Hira (in Iraq)
who sided with Iran, the Arab kingdom was drowned when Islam began to move out of Arabia.
2. Good Social Life
Arab pre-Islamic period known as the era Jahiliya. At this time the nation does not have a clean government, because they only order of life governed by habits inherited by their ancestors. They live on the move to seek a more decent livelihood. It is also influenced by the environment that bergurun Arab lands and mountainous sand.
Those who are courageous in defending the conviction that if they need to fight to the death in defending Arab personality.
3. Mores
The Arabs in the days before Islam has a tradition filled with superstition. They also have moral deemed inappropriate such as gambling, drinking, and dissipate. Even they do theft and robbery on the other tribes, if caught it at odds and often end intertribal warfare in the Arab nation.
There are also Arab tribes in the ordinary conduct act of cruelty is to bury his daughter alive. According to belief, girls deemed useless and people feel humiliated if his master had a daughter.
4. The Arabs Before Islam Beliefs
The origins of Arab nations worship idols is when the Kaaba is in power Jurhum. There are forces that dipimpn by Amir bin Luhay came to Mecca and beat Amir bin Luhay Jurhum then put a big idol called Hubal side of the Kaaba and ordered the inhabitants of Hijaz for idol worship. Since then, the Arabs worshiped idols until the ruling Quraysh tribe back in Higas.
In addition to the pagan Arabs also worshiped the beast, jinn and ghost / devil. When they bind to expect rain on the grass goats and continue burning. Once familiar with Judaism and Christianity there are also some of the Arab nations that embrace both religion.
After the Arab Islamic
Politically, the religion of Islam was to unite all the Arab tribes which formerly divided and managed to make the Arab nation into a strong nation and a high degree, to become a nation of brilliant bright.
Islam first religion under the Prophet Muhammad. He was born on April 20, 571 M as a descendant of the tribe of Quraish. In the year 611 AD he began preaching the religion of Islam to the Arab nation in the mecca. It turned out that the spread of Islam was first opposed by the people of Mecca, especially by the people of Quraish led by Abu Sofyan. Then, on 12 Robiul Beginning in 622 AD the Prophet Muhammad Hijrah from Mecca to Medina.
Prophet Muhammad died on April 8, 632 AD in Medina. Then he was replaced by the leadership Khafilah. Four of the first Caliph called Khafilah ur Rasyidin namely Abu Bakar Siddik, Umar bin Khattab, Usman bin Affan and Ali ibn Abu Talib.
During pemerintahana Khafilah Usman for the first time schism among Muslims that is between the family Khafilah Usman (Ummayah) khafilah family of Ali (Hashim), which resulted in timbunya Caliph-like Ummayah caliphate, Abbasid, Fatima.
Mecca Islamic Development Period
At first only the growing religion in the city of Mecca and its surroundings. However, initially only accepted religion by circles that like the poor, working women and the slaves. Since the spread of Islamic religion conducted in an open, emerging resistance reaction against the spread of Islam such as torture, the threat of safety against the followers of Islam. So in the year 615 the Prophet Muhammad to evacuate his followers to Habsyah, then became Abbesinia (now Ethiopia).
Causes of the resistance against the Islamic religion is not solely because of religious issues which are considered contrary to the original trust people, but because of political factors, namely concern about the possibility of family control of Mecca Abu Muttalib, the economic factor that is decreasing the income of the sculptor and social factors, because the nobles or the king did not agree in rank is equated with ordinary people.
Madinah Islamic Development Period
The occurrence of resistance against the spread of Islam from Mecca, led the Prophet Muhammad migrated from Mecca to Medina. Tetpi before hijrah done, there has been a very important event, namely the events of Isra 'and Mi `raj on 27 Rajab in 621 AD
The situation in Medina is very much different in Mecca, when in Mecca, the Prophet of Islam despised and get resistance, so it is impossible to develop while in Medina the Prophet Muhammad was greeted with joy, because the arrival of the Prophet had long expected.
In Madinah Islamic religious development is quite rapid and more and more adherents. Therefore, since the Prophet Muhammad lived in Medina, the Medina community into 4 groups, namely:
1. The immigrants, made up of the people of Mecca who participate do
migrated with the Prophet
2. The Asr, composed of people who helped the Prophet Muhammad's Medina
SAW
3. The Munafiqin, consisting of those who only follow the Islamic religion
to seek advantage mere outward
4. The Jews, terdiridari class followers who know the teachings of Prophet Moses
Islam, but not willing to believe the Prophet Muhammad as a prophet or apostle.
After several years of Prophet Muhammad settled in Medina, finally dropped the command of jihad, ie war. This war against Mecca and shown to retain the Kaaba. Fierce fighting occurred in the desert of Badr and Uhud (630 years). ka'ba successfully controlled by the people of Islam and Mecca akhinya residents within approximately two years most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam. Jews and Christians who acknowledge the sovereignty of the Islamic religion remain religion, and protected their property and their souls.
The victory of the Muslims to bring the Arabs toward unity since the nation had long lived in mutual discord and hostile. Prophet Muhammad SAW succeed fully in carrying out its duties and obligations as an apostle and leader of the country. But the Prophet Muhammad can not get an Islamic heyday, because after establishing a solid basis, on 12 Rabi al-Awwal in 632 AD he died and was buried in Medina.
Kekhafilahan
After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, came the Caliph. They replace the functions of office of Prophet Muhammad as head of state, judges and warlords. Position caliphs continued until 1923 AD and it was only after Mustafa Kemal Pasha became head of state abolished the Caliphate system. Muhammad V was the last Caliph.
Caliphs who once ruled them:
Caliph Abu Bakr
There are several important actions undertaken by the Caliph Abu Bakr
(632-634 AD), including:
• Restoring the Arab tribes who converts to Islam.
• Eradicate the false prophets, such as Tulaiha, Musilama etc.
• The beginning of the collection of sheets of papers Qur'an
• Forecasting the expansion of Islam outside the Arabian Peninsula
Caliph Umar Bin Khattab
There are several important measures of khafilah Umar (634-644 AD)
including:
• Year of Hijrah Islamic used as the beginning of the year 622 AD the same
with 1 year Hijrah
• Areas of Islam extended to India and the border area of Tripoli (North Africa). Territorial expansion into Asia Minor and Persia made by Khalid bin Al Walid was to North Africa dipimp Amir ibn al-As
• Due to the expansion of the region, Islam got political power in areas that had always had a high culture. Then came a combination of religion with the local culture, which has been exposed to the influence of Greek culture.
Caliph Uthman ibn Affan
Services of Caliph Uthman (644-656 AD) during his reign is officially the posting of the Holy Koran. This work was handed over to Zaid bin Thabit and composition of the Qur'an was until now has not changed
Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib
After the end of disagreements within the Islamic body then Ali, the daughter of the Prophet, occupy the position of the Caliphate (656-661 AD). However, the family did not approve Ummayah Ali as caliph and they nominate Mu'awaiyah (governor of Syria) as a caliph. Eventually civil war unavoidable. In the battle of Siffin (657 M) forces Mu'awiyah nearly indestructible. But Mu'awiyah use deception and excuses to prevent conflict, the Agency proposed to set up a caliphate. Court Agency determines that the conditions was the win, the decision was not satisfactory, Ali, so that clashes continue. In 661 Ali was murdered, thus began the family Caliphate Ummayah
Caliphate Ummayah
After the position occupied by the family Ummayah caliph (661-750 AD). Center for Islam moved out of state power Arabian Peninsula, namely to Syria (Damascus)
At this time, the basics of Arab democracy disappeared, because of the position held by hereditary caliphs. Living caliphate similar to live the king with absolute power.
Regional powers Islamic countries during this period covers a vast territory. To the west to the east of Spain and to the stricken area of Pakistan and Southeast Asia. Expansion of this region carried out by:
• Moses led the Islamic army stormed towards the west along the north African region samapai Morocco. This trip followed by Pull and successfully occupied the Iberian peninsula and ruled Spain (712 AD)
• Muhammad Kasim succeeded in occupying the river valley area Shindu (721 M)
Maslama led the Islamic army attacked konstatinopel but traps can attack repulsed. Just there in 1453 AD konstatinopel can be mastered.
In the year 750 AD, there was a power struggle against Ummayah families conducted by the Abbasid faction in power struggles, almost all families Ummayah destroyed. Only a successful meloloskandiri, yait Abdur Rachman.
Abbasid Caliphate
At this time the center of the Caliphate dipinahkan from Damascus to Baghdad. Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 AD) progress very rapidly and in the reign of Harun al-Rashid (786-809 AD) a glorious peak. This is not free from:
• Baghdad is a transit port and its commerce thriving
• The books of philosophy and science both from Greece and of Persia
diterjemahan into the language and the Arabic alphabet
• Harun Al Rashid held a friendship with Charlemagne (France).
This event takes place on the political situation as follows:
Baghdad fighting hostile to Byzantium in Asia Minor Baghdad hostile to the emirates of Cordoba in getting the area north African coast and also because it did not want to acknowledge the Caliphate of Cordoba Baghdad
French hostile to Cordoba in the fight area
Northern Spain, is also hostile to Byzantium because of regional Italy.
In the subsequent seizure of the Caliphate into decline. This
caused by:
• The occurrence of seizing the position of caliph sediri family, so that in the palace there are groups opposing
• Conflicts that result in a weak central government, so that
the many areas that gained independence
Caliphate of Cordoba
Abdur Rachman, the only descendant of the Caliphate Ummayah who escaped the attack group established Abbasid Caliphate of Cordoba in Spain. He still calls himself Amir and refused to acknowledge the Caliphate of Baghdad. Popular during the reign of Abdur Rachman III, Cordoba declared himself caliph and his position in balance with the Caliphate of Baghdad (929 AD).
At the time of the Caliphate of Cordoba science and culture flourished. Mosques built many palaces and libraries established building experts, physicians, authors, experts thought, an expert clothes and social experts numerous in Cordoba.
Progress in the field of culture that encourages people to Europe to study in spain. Culture from the east which has a high and also the cultural heritage of Ancient Roman danYunani have meals from Western Europe, found again through Islam in spain
Region of Islamic rule on the subsequent development of increasingly narrow. However, Islamic thoughts increasingly widespread. If at first maintain and expand the influence of Islam with the sword, but the next time the Islamic expansion by way of peace is through trade. Through this trade Islam entered the region of Indonesia.
B. PROCESS OF RELIGION AND SIGN and development
ISLAMIC CULTURE IN INDONESIA
The entry of Islam into Indonesia Theory
Religion and Islamic culture has developed quite rapidly in parts of Indonesia. This development originated from the Indonesian community residing in the coastal areas of this coastal region, religion and Islamic culture developed into the countryside by the scholars. Development in rural areas is addressed to kelangan istanan, the king, the royal family and nobles. If the king and the nobility had converted to Islam, then people are very submissive and obedient to the commandments of the king.
1. Evidence Islam entry into Indonesia
Based on the evidence found in Indonesia, experts interpret that religion and culture of Islam into Indonesia is estimated at approximately the 7th century AD, ie during the reign of the kingdom of Srivijaya. Interpretation of the experts is reinforced with news of the day there have been Arab traders who conduct trading activities in the Kingdom Sriwjaya, they even have a temporary residence center township Srivijaya kingdom.
Another opinion proves that religion and Islamic culture into Indonesian territory taken by Muslim traders from Gujarat (India). It is seen from the discovery of the Islamic elements in Indonesia which has similarities with India like tombstones are made by people kambay, Gujarat.
Based on this evidence the experts made a conclusion that religion and Islamic culture has entered Indonesia in the 7th century AD brought traders from Arabia. Persia and India (Gujarat) and grown significantly around the 13th century AD
2.Sumber-smber News influx of Islamic Religion and Culture in Indonesia
Log in and growing influence of religion and Islamic culture in Indonesia is strengthened by several news sources of history, both originating from overseas and domestic news sources including the following:
Arab News
This information is known by its Arabic padagang who have committed activities in the field of trade with the nation of Indonesia during the development of the Kingdom of Srivijaya (7th century AD) as the Kingdom of maritime lines of service that controls the trade in western Indonesia region including the Strait of Malacca. Activities of Arab traders in the kingdom of Srivijaya as evidenced by the Arab traders to the kingdom of Srivijaya, which Zabag, Zabay or Sribusa.
European News
This news comes from Marcopolo, he was the Europeans who first set foot on Indonesian territory, when he returned from China to Europe via the sea. He got the assignment from the emperor of China to deliver his daughter, who is dedicated to the Roman emperor. On his way he stopped in northern Sumatra. In this area he had discovered the existence of the Islamic Empire, the Kingdom of the ocean with its capital Pasai.
India News
In this news mentioned that the Indian merchants from Gujarat has a very important role in the spread of religion and Islamic culture in Indonesia, especially to people who are located in the coastal areas.
Chinese News
This news had known through the records of Ma-Huan, a writer who followed the journey of Admiral Cheng-ho he declared through his writings that since roughly 1400 there has been Muslim merchants who reside north coast of Java Island.
Sources from the State, these sources is strengthened by
inventions such as:
• The discovery of a stone in Leran (near Gresik). Stone bersirat that uses letters and Arabic. The rock contains information about the death of a woman named Fatima bint Ma'mun (1028).
• Malikul Saleh Sultan Mausoleum in North Sumatra who died in the month
Ramadan in 676 AD or the year 1297 AD
• Tomb of Maulana Malik Ibrahim Sheikh in Gresik, who died in 1419. Noose
imported from Gujarat and the tomb containing the Arabic script.
The spread of Islam Channel
Trade
Since the 7th century AD Muslim traders from Arabia, Persia and India have taken part in trading activities in Indonesia. In addition berdagangan, Islamic traders can convey and teach religion and Islamic culture to other people including the people of Indonesia.
Marriage
The Muslim traders who conduct trading activities in a long time. This situation can strengthen their relationship with the indigenous population or with the native nobility. A good rapport was sometimes forwarded by the marriage between the daughter of the aborigines with Islamic traders.
Politics
Influence of power of a king a big role in the process of Islamization. When a king converted to Islam then people will also follow the trail king.
After tersosialisasinya religion of Islam, the political interests through the expansion of empire, which followed also by the spread of Islam. For example, the Sultan of Demak to send troops to occupy the region of West Java and memerintahkanuntuk spread the religion of Islam. The army was led by Fatahillah
Education
The scholars, teachers, or the Kyai also plays an
penyebarkan important in religion and Islamic culture. Meraka spread the religion of Islam through education, by establishing lodges
pesantren.
Art
Channels art can be performed with gamelan performing arts as happened in Yogyakarta, Solo, Cirebon, and others. Art gamelan can invite people to come together and subsequently carried out in their mission-religious propaganda. In addition there are also art gamelan puppet art. Through the stories of the scholars insert a puppet that religious teachings of Islam. For example: Sunan Kalijaga puppet art tapped for the process of Islamization.
Mysticism
Experts tasawwuf live in simplicity, they are always trying to live the life of society and live together in the midst of society. Tasawwuf Experts usually have expertise that can help people's lives, including expert in curing the disease. The spread of Islamic religion which they do according to the conditions, in mind, and culture of society at that time, so that Islamic teachings can be readily accepted by society. Examples of specialists include Hamzah Fansuri tasawwuf in Aceh and Sunan Stage in Java.
Through various channels above, Islam is accepted and rapidly growing dapt
since around the 13th century AD The reason is as follows.
• Islam is open.
• The spread of Islam is peaceful.
• Islam does not distinguish one's position in society.
• Ceremonies in Islam is very simple.
• The teachings of Islam seeks to create a welfare society
with the obligation of zakah to those who own property.
Wali Songo
The guardians instrumental in spreading the religion and Islamic culture in Indonesia known as the Wali Songo. Five people carers living in East Java, three in Central Java and one in West Java. The guardians were the following:
1. Maulana Malik Ibrahim, who reportedly came from Persia and then
located in Gresik.
2. Sunan Ngampel which was originally named Raden Rachmat domiciled in Ngampel
(Ampel), near Surabaya.
3. Sunan Drajat which was originally named Still Munat also the son of Raden Rachmat
located in close Drajat Sedayu (Surabaya).
4. Sunan Bonang which was originally named Makdum Ibrahim, son of Raden Rachmat
and domiciled in Bonang, near Tuban.
5. Sunan Giri originally named Raden Paku, students sunan Ngampel
Giri hill is located in Gresik.
6. Sunan Muria, located on Mount Moriah in the Holy.
7. Holy Sunan originally named Udung based in Kudus.
8. Sunan Kalijaga which was originally named Joko Said domiciled in Kadilanyu
near Demak.
9. Sunan Gunung Jati who originally named Fatahillah or Faletehan derived from Pasai Ocean. He can seize the Sunda Kelapa, Banten and then settled in Mount Teak near Cirebon.
In addition there is also the guardian songo sheikh Sheikh Siti Jenah or Weak Abang. Due to teach science tasawwuf, which has not been right at that moment, he was sentenced fuel and not be deemed to include into the guardian songo.
We also know Islam or Sufi thinkers such as Hamzah Fansuri, Naruddin Ar-Raniri. They are a prolific thinker and writer in the early period of development of Islam.
Other spreaders of Islam in Central Java is Tembayat or Sunan Sunan Bayat. He is based in Klaten, he spread the religion of Islam through education in boarding school.
C. Acculturation REALIZATION OF CULTURE WITH INDONESIA
ISLAMIC CULTURE
Art building
1. Mosque
In light of the architecture, the mosques are located in Indonesia, especially in the ancient mosques mosques in other countries. The characteristic to be in the days of Islam in Indonesia is as follows:
a.Atap
The roof is not a dome, but a roof overlap, ie a composite roof, getting smaller and older. Top level form the pyramid. The number of overlap is always odd (odd), usually 3 but there are others such as the mosque of Banten.
At the mosque, mosque, the roof has a life of its own that is like a pyramid but does not compound but sharp at its peak. Forms of this kind often seen in the reliefs in East Java. Decoration found on the top roof of the mosque and the mosque is called mustaka (usually made from roasted ground or other objects)
b. Tower
Although not part of the mosque tower that must exist, but in Islamic architecture is always a part that gives additional beauty. Tower on da holy mosque mosque shape is quite unique offerings. Holy minarets is an east Javanese temples that have been modified and adapted its use and given the overlapping roof, the minarets are additional offerings are operated by a Dutch fugitive named Cardeel. Actual shape of this tower could be higher as the lighthouse buildings located in Europe.
c. Location mosque
In general, the mosque set up adjacent to the palace when the north and south of the palace there is usually a field, which dijawa called the square, the mosque was set on the western edge of the square.
Mosques are often also found in sacred places, where the tomb
a king, guardian or a renowned religious scholars.
Mosques that are:
• Great Mosque Cirebon two-story and built in the early century
to 16 M
• katangka Mosque in South Sulawesi from the 17th century AD
• Mosques located in Jakarta, such as mosques Angke, Tambora Marunda
• Great Mosque of Demak which stands the 16th century AD
• Baiturahmah Mosque built during the Sultan Iskandar
• Ternate mosque
• Madjid Jepara
• Madjid Agung Banten was built in the 16th century AD
2. Tomb
The tomb as a place of residence of the last and lasting well into the housing arranged to suit people who adde there. The funeral of the king looks like a palace, as if the grave is equated with a person while still alive. Eating was also a cluster-sepulcher sepulcher cupola and grouped according to family relationships.
Tomb of the oldest in Indonesia is grave fatimah Maimun bint had known by the name of the daughter Suwari in Leran (1982 AD), and his tomb would be given the cupola. This tomb-like temple. This proves bahaw in the 11th century AD society still bound in the form of temples.
The ancient tombs are:
• Cemetery and Spring Duwur Gate located on the hill in Tuban area
• Dome eat Princess Suwari in Flax (Gresik)
• Graveyard Malikul Saleh in the Indian Pasai
• Tomb of Maulana Malik Sheikh Ibrahin in Gresik
• Tower of the Holy Mosque, the shape is similar to that found in the Javanese temple
East
• Tomb of use found in Madura Ghunongan
Script and fine arts
Script writer-characters (the letters) Arabic in Indonesia, usually combined with Javanese art owned by the Indonesian nation. Arabic letters are written with a very beautiful it is called the art of calligraphy (the art of Kath and Kholt).
As well as the types of other Islamic art, Arabic calligraphy art developments in Indonesia is not so rapid, especially compared with other countries. This is caused by any of the following:
• The use of Arabic calligraphy as a decorative art in Indonesia is still very limited
• ancient buildings at the beginning of the establishment of Islamic kingdom less
provide opportunities for application of calligraphic art
• Buildings of ancient mosques as mosques Banten, Cirebon, Demak and the Holy
less attention to the use of Arabic Calligraphy Art
Calligraphy Art comes with conditions that are less profitable, but it can be said to exist perkebangan, because the art of calligraphy is needed for various purposes such as:
• To decorate the mosque buildings
• For decorative motif batik
• For decoration on ceramics
• For decoration on kris
• For decoration on a tombstone and
• To decorate the walls of the house
Until now the art of calligraphy developed in Indonesia, especially in
sculpture. Calligraphy sculpture was developed by people from Jepara.
Literary Arts
Early development of Indonesian literary arts in the Islamic era revolves
around the Straits of Malacca (Malay region) and in Java.
Compared art Hindu era literature, the results of the Islamic era of literary art is not too much to come down to us. This is due to local literary arts have not been able as a place to store. Capture, carry and forward the results of works of literature written by the Islamic era to us.
Art literature of Islamic era that flourished in Indonesia is largely influenced by the Persians, like the stories of Amir Hamzah, Bayan Budiman, 1001 Nights (alf laila lailawa).
In the Islamic era of literary arts in the area known lyric malay Ken Tambunan, Lelakon Mahesa Kumitir, Panji Sumirang Poems, Stories Puppet Kinundang, Hidayat Panji Kuda Sumirang, Hidayat Cekel Waneng Pati, Hidayat Panji Wilakusuma.
In addition to the art of literature mentioned above, there are also books of mysticism. The books of mysticism. These books are patterned magical and contains predictions and Determination good days and bad, and The award-The award of the meaning of an event.
Some examples from the book of mysticism are as follows:
• Suluk Sukarsa: it was to tell someone (Ki Sukarsa) seeking
science to perfection mendapatkank
• Suluk Wujil: it was discourse-discourse to Wujil Sunan Bonang (Wujil
is a dwarf former servant of King Majapaihit)
• Malang Suluk Sumirang: it glorifies people who have achieved
perfection and union with God
Government System
Pasai Ocean Isla Kingdom as the first, estimated to stand at the 13th century AD This Kingdom is the first work that embraces the Islamic character of systematic governance.
In subsequent developments in other areas in Indonesia began to appear patterned Islamic system of government, including coastal areas. This development grew rapidly last night after the collapse of the Majapahit Empire and the establishment of the Kingdom of Demak with its first king Raden Patah.
Therefore, in the 16th century AD almost throughout the territory of Indonesia
there are administrative centers Islamdengan king title of Sultan.
Philosophy and Islamic Teachings
In his journey, Islam as a religion has a lot of progress in the realm of thought which is essentially to compensate for the development of community mental supporters. In the 18th century made up the basics of science of fiqh is the science that describes all kinds of regulation and the science that describes all kinds of regulations and laws in order to establish the Islamic community obligations towards God and towards our fellow human beings. In the 10th century AD was born the basics of Sciences Pen, which contains the determination of all born the 11th century foundations of Sufism, which give way to a man to draw closer to God based on love with him. The three science that is the basic philosophy and grip the Islamic ummah.
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